ဦးႏု မိန္႔ခြန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ယေန႔ေခတ္ ႏိုင္ငံေရး

ကိုေလးျမတ္| October 3, 2014 | Hits:2,474

ဦးႏုဆိုတာ က်ေနာ္တို႔ႏိုင္ငံ လြတ္လပ္ေရးရတဲ့ ၁၉၄၈ ခုႏွစ္ကေန ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္း ဦးေဆာင္တဲ့ စစ္တပ္က ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ အာဏာ သိမ္းယူတဲ့ ၁၉၆၂ ခု မတ္လအထိ ဦးဗေဆြကို ေခတၱဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ တာဝန္လႊဲအပ္ျခင္း၊ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းကို အိမ္ေစာင့္အစိုးရ တာဝန္လႊဲအပ္ျခင္း တို႔မွအပ၊ တေလွ်ာက္လံုး ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္တာဝန္ကို ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့တဲ့သူ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
အဲဒီ ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့တဲ့ ကာလအတြင္း ေျပာၾကားခဲ့တဲ့ မိန္႔ခြန္းေတြ၊ ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္မွာ အခိုက္အတန္႔အားျဖင့္ ပါတီေတြ ဖြဲ႔စည္းခြင့္ ေပးၿပီး စည္း႐ံုးေဟာေျပာ ခြင့္ရရွိေတာ့ ဒီမိုကေရစီႏွင့္ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးပါတီ (ဒီ/ ၿငိမ္း) နာယက တဦးအေနနဲ႔ နယ္လွည့္ ေဟာေျပာခဲ့တဲ့ မိန္႔ခြန္းေတြ၊ အဲဒီမိန္႔ခြန္းေတြကို စုစည္းၿပီး “ဦးႏု မိန္႔ခြန္းေပါင္းခ်ဳပ္” ဆိုၿပီး စာအုပ္ အျဖစ္ ထုတ္ေဝ ထားတယ္။
ႏိုင္ငံရပ္ျခားမွာေတာ့ ၁၉၈၈ ခု စက္တင္ဘာမွာ ထုတ္ေဝခဲ့ၿပီး ျပည္တြင္းမွာ ၂၀၁၂ ခုႏွစ္မွ ထုတ္ေဝခြင့္ ရရွိခဲ့တဲ့ ဦးႏုရဲ႕ ကိုယ္တိုင္ေရး အတၳဳပၸတိၱလို႔ ေခၚဆိုႏိုင္တဲ့ “တာေတစေနသား” ကို က်ေနာ္တို႔ ဖတ္႐ႈခြင့္ရခဲ့တယ္။
အခု မိန္႔ခြန္း ေပါင္းခ်ဳပ္ကို ဖတ္႐ႈရျပန္ေတာ့ က်ေနာ္တို႔ အေနနဲ႔ မရွင္းမလင္းခဲ့တဲ့ သမိုင္းေၾကာင္းေတြ ရွင္းလင္းသြား ႏိုင္လိမ့္မယ္လို႔ ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ခဲ့တာ အမွန္ပါပဲ။ ဆိုၾကပါစို႔ ၁၉၅၈ ခု၊ ေအာက္တိုဘာ ၂၈ ရက္၊ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္း အိမ္ေစာင့္အစိုးရ တက္လာတာ ကို ဦးႏုက သူ႔ရဲ႕ တာေတစေနသားမွာ “အာဏာသိမ္းတာ” လို႔ ဆိုထားပါတယ္။
ဒါေပမယ့္ ၁၉၅၈ ခု၊ စက္တင္ဘာ ၂၆ ရက္ေန႔မွာ ဦးႏုနဲ႔ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းတို႔ အျပန္အလွန္ သေဘာတူထားတဲ့ စာ ၂ ေစာင္ ဟာ သမိုင္းဝင္ေပါ့။ စဥ္းစားစရာက ေပးတဲ့စာနဲ႔ ျပန္တဲ့စာက ေန႔စြဲတထပ္တည္း က်ေနတာပဲ။ ႀကိဳတင္ၿပီး လက္ဝါးမ်ား ႐ိုက္ထား သလားလို႔ပါ။ အခု မိန္႔ခြန္းေပါင္းခ်ဳပ္ နယ္လွည့္မိန္႔ခြန္းနဲ႔ အေမးအေျဖအခန္းမွာ အဲဒီ အေၾကာင္း ရွင္းလင္း ေျပာဆိုထားတာ ေတြ႔ရတယ္။
ဗိုလ္မႉးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္း ေအာင္ႀကီး (အမ်ိဳးသား ဒီမိုကေရစီ အဖြဲ႔ခ်ဳပ္ (NLD) စတင္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းစဥ္က ဥကၠ႒တာဝန္ ယူခဲ့ဖူးသူ၊ ေနာက္ ျပည္ေထာင္စု အမ်ိဳးသား ဒီမိုကေရစီ ပါတီ (UNDP)  ခြဲေထာင္ၿပီး ဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ တာဝန္ယူခဲ့သူ ဦးေအာင္ႀကီး) နဲ႔ ဗိုလ္မႉးခ်ဳပ္ ေမာင္ေမာင္တို႔က စစ္တပ္ အာဏာသိမ္းဖို႔ ႀကိဳးစားေနခဲ့ၾကတာ တဲ့။ အဲဒီ သတင္းကိုၾကားလို႔ ေခၚေမး ေတာ့ ဗိုလ္မႉးခ်ဳပ္ ေအာင္ႀကီးက ဟုတ္တယ္လို႔ ေျဖတယ္။
စစ္တပ္က အာဏာသိမ္းတယ္ ဆိုရင္ တပ္မေတာ္ သိကၡာ က်မယ္။ ဒါနဲ႔ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေနဝင္းကို ေခၚၿပီး အိမ္ေစာင့္အစိုးရအျဖစ္ တရားဝင္လႊဲေျပာင္း ေပးလိုက္တယ္လို႔ ဆိုတယ္။ တကယ္ေတာ့ ဒီအေၾကာင္းျပခ်က္ဟာ မခိုင္လံုလွဘူးလို႔ က်ေနာ့္အေနနဲ႔ ထင္ျမင္ယူဆမိပါတယ္။
ဦးႏုအေနနဲ႔ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းကို ေခၚယူေမးျမန္း ၾကည့္သင့္တယ္။ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းက ျငင္းပယ္တယ္ ဆိုရင္ ဗိုလ္မႉးခ်ဳပ္ ေအာင္ႀကီးနဲ႔ ဗိုလ္မႉးခ်ဳပ္ ေမာင္ေမာင္ကို အေရးယူသင့္တာ ေပါ့။ မွန္ကန္တယ္ ဆိုရင္ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းဟာ လႊတ္ေတာ္ တက္ၿပီး ပုဒ္မ ၁၁၆ ကို ျပင္ဆင္ခိုင္းေနစရာ မလိုပါဘူး။ ၿပီးေတာ့ ၁၉၆၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္မွာ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲလည္း က်င္းပေပး ေနစရာ မလိုပါဘူး၊ တခါတည္း အာဏာသိမ္းယူ ထားလိုက္ဖို႔ပဲ ရွိပါတယ္။
ၿပီးေတာ့ ၁၉၄၇ ခု အေျခခံဥပေဒမွာ ေရြးေကာက္ခံပုဂၢိဳလ္ မဟုတ္ဘူးဆိုရင္ အေၾကာင္းေၾကာင္း ေၾကာင့္ လႊတ္ေတာ္ အတြင္း တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့ရင္လည္း ၆ လ ထက္ပိုၿပီး တည္ရွိပိုင္ခြင့္ မရွိပါဘူး။ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္းဟာ ေရြးေကာက္ခံပုဂၢိဳလ္ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ဒါ့ေၾကာင့္ ၆ လ ထက္ပိုၿပီး တည္ရွိေနလို႔ မျဖစ္ပါဘူး။ အဲဒီမွာ ဗိုလ္ေနဝင္း ဆက္လက္ တည္ရွိေနဖို႔ အတြက္ ပုဒ္မ ၁၁၆ ကို ျပင္ဆင္ရပါမယ္။
ျပင္ဆင္ဖို႔အဆိုကို တည္ၿမဲဖဆပလ ဦးေက်ာ္ၿငိမ္းက တင္သြင္းပါတယ္။ ပမညတ အမတ္ သခင္ခ်စ္ေမာင္ (သာယာဝတီ) ဟာ ဝိဓူရ သခင္ခ်စ္ေမာင္လို႔ အမည္တြင္က်န္ရစ္ေအာင္ ဝိဓူရ ဇာတ္ေတာ္နဲ႔ ယွဥ္ကပ္ၿပီး ဒီမိုကေရစီေရးကို ကာကြယ္ခဲ့တယ္။
မဲခြဲဆံုးျဖတ္ ၾကေတာ့ ပုဒ္မ ၁၁၆ ကို ျပင္ဆင္ဖို႔ ဦးႏုရဲ႕ သန္႔ရွင္း ဖဆပလ အမတ္ေတြ ကလည္း ေထာက္ခံမဲ ေပးခဲ့ၾက တယ္။ ဘာေၾကာင့္ မကန္႔ကြက္ခဲ့ၾက ပါသလဲ။ ဦးႏုအေနနဲ႔ ေထာက္ခံဖို႔ ကန္႔ကြက္ဖို႔ သေဘာထားေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ အေန အထား ရွိတယ္ မဟုတ္ပါလား။ ဘာေၾကာင့္ ကန္႔ကြက္ဖို႔ သေဘာထား မေပးခဲ့ပါသလဲ။
အဲဒီ အခ်က္ေတြ ေထာက္ခ်င့္ၿပီး ၁၉၅၈ ခု  အိမ္ေစာင့္အစိုးရ  တက္ေရာက္လာျခင္းဟာ အာဏာသိမ္းျခင္း မဟုတ္ဘဲ ဦးႏုအေနနဲ႔ ရပ္တန္႔ၿပီး ျပင္ဆင္ခ်င္လို႔ စစ္တပ္ကို ယာယီအာဏာ လႊဲအပ္တယ္လို႔ ယူဆမိေၾကာင္းပါ။
ဦးႏုက ၁၉၀၇ ခု ဖြားဆိုေတာ့ ၁၉၈၈ ခုမွာ ၈၁ ႏွစ္ အရြယ္ရွိပါၿပီ။ အဲဒီ အရြယ္မွာ သူ႔အေနနဲ႔ အမတ္လည္း အေရြးခ်ယ္ မခံေတာ့ပါဘူး။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဘယ္သူ႔ကိုမွလည္း မ်က္စပစ္စရာ မလိုေတာ့တာ အမွန္ပါပဲ။ က်ေနာ့္အေနနဲ႔ ဦးႏုရဲ႕ မိန္႔ခြန္း ကို ၁၉၈၈ ခုမွာ က်ေနာ္တို႔ရြာ မံုေရြးေၾကးမံုကို လာေရာက္ေဟာေျပာလို႔ နားေထာင္ခြင့္ ရလိုက္ပါတယ္။
အဲဒီမွာ ျဗဟၼစိုရ္တရား ၄ ပါး (ေမတၲာ၊ က႐ုဏာ၊ မုဒိတာ၊ ဥေပကၡာ)နဲ႔ ဟီရိဩတပၸ (အရွက္၊ အေၾကာက္) တရား ၂ ပါး၊ ဂါရေ၀ါစ၊ နိဝါေတာစ (တျခားသူကို ေလးစားျခင္းနဲ႔ မိမိကိုယ္ကို ႏွိမ့္ခ်ျခင္း) တရား ၂ ပါး တို႔ကို ၂ နာရီေလာက္ မတ္တတ္ရပ္ ေဟာေျပာသြားတာ ေတြ႔ၾကရတယ္။ ဦးႏုရဲ႕ တက္ၾကြမႈကေတာ့ ခ်ီးက်ဴးဖြယ္ရာပါပဲ။
ဒီမွာ က်ေနာ္တို႔ႏိုင္ငံဟာ ဂ်ပန္ ဖက္ဆစ္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးမွာ ဖဆပလ အဖြဲ႔ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး အျဖစ္ ညီၫြတ္ေရး တပ္ေပါင္းစုႀကီး ထူေထာင္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ ၾကတယ္။ ေနာက္ ဖဆပလ အဖြဲ႔ခ်ဳပ္ထဲကေန ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီကို ထုတ္ပယ္လိုက္တယ္။
ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ ပါတီဟာ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ ဗမာျပည္ (အလံနီ)နဲ႔ ဗမာျပည္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ (အလံျဖဴ) ဆိုၿပီး ၂ ပါတီ ကြဲသြားတယ္။ ေနာက္ ျပည္သူ႔ရဲေဘာ္ကလည္း ရဲေဘာ္ျဖဴ၊ ရဲေဘာ္ဝါ ဆိုၿပီး ၂ ဖြဲ႔ ကြဲသြားျပန္တယ္။
ဖဆပလ ထဲမွာ က်န္ေနရစ္ခဲ့တဲ့ ဆိုရွယ္လစ္အဖြဲ႔ ကလည္း သန္႔ရွင္း ဖဆပလနဲ႔ တည္ၿမဲ ဖဆပလဆိုၿပီး ကြဲၾကျပန္ တယ္။ ေနာက္ သန္႔ရွင္းဖဆပလ အတြင္းမွာပဲ ဦး၊ သခင္၊ ဗိုလ္ဆိုတဲ့ အုပ္စုေတြ ကြဲၾကျပန္ေရာ။
ႏိုင္ငံေရးမွာ အကြဲအၿပဲ ဆိုတာ ဆန္းၾကယ္တဲ့ ကိစၥေတြေတာ့ မဟုတ္ေပဘူး။ ဒါေပမယ့္ တကယ္ ဆန္းစစ္ လိုက္ရင္ေတာ့ ကြဲၾက၊ ၿပဲၾကတယ္ ဆိုတာ အာဏာျပႆနာ ပါပဲ။
အဲဒီမွာ “ေလာေလာဆယ္ ျဖစ္ေပၚေနေသာ တိုင္းျပည္အေျခအေန” ဆိုတဲ့ မိန္႔ခြန္းဟာ ဗမာျပည္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ လက္နက္ကိုင္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ဆင္ႏႊဲသြားတဲ့ အေၾကာင္းကို ရွင္းလင္းျပတဲ့ မိန္႔ခြန္းပါပဲ။
ျပည္သူ႔ရဲေဘာ္က လက္ဝဲ ညီၫြတ္ေရး ထူေထာင္ႏိုင္ေအာင္ ႀကိဳးစားရွာပါေသးတယ္။ မေအာင္ျမင္တဲ့ အျပင္ ရဲေဘာ္ျဖဴ၊ ရဲေဘာ္ဝါဆိုၿပီး ကြဲသြားတယ္။
အဲဒီမွာ ဦးႏုက ဒီမိုကေရစီ လိုခ်င္ရင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီနည္းနဲ႔ ေတာင္းဆို၊ လက္နက္နဲ႔ ေတာင္းဆိုရင္ေတာ့ လက္နက္နဲ႔ ႏွိမ္နင္းရမယ္လို႔ ဆိုတယ္။ အျပတ္ရွင္းရမယ္လို႔ ဆိုတယ္။ ျပည္သူ႔ရဲေဘာ္ကေတာ့ ဖဆပလက ဖမ္းဆီးလို႔ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ ေတြ ေတာခိုသြားတယ္လို႔  စြပ္စြဲတယ္။ ဦးႏုကေတာ့ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ေတြ အခ်ိန္ဆြဲေနလို႔ ျဖစ္ရတာလို႔ ဆိုတယ္။
ဘာပဲျဖစ္ျဖစ္ ခုခ်ိန္ထိ ျပည္တြင္းစစ္မီးႀကီး ေတာက္ေလာင္ခဲ့ တာေတာ့ မၿငိမ္းႏိုင္ေအာင္ပါပဲ။ ဒါေပမယ့္ အခု ဒီမိုကေရစီ တေက်ာ့ျပန္ ေခတ္မွာေတာ့ လက္နက္ကိုင္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး အဖြဲ႔ အစည္းအေဝးနဲ႔ ေဆြးေႏြးေနၾက တာ အေတာ္ေလး ခရီးေပါက္လာလို႔ ဝမ္းသာရပါ ေသးတယ္။
ဆရာႀကီး သခင္ကိုယ္ေတာ္မိႈင္း ခ်မွတ္ခဲ့တဲ့ သူမနာ၊ ကိုယ္မနာ လမ္းစဥ္ကို ႏွလံုးမူၾကဖို႔ပါပဲ။ သူနဲ႔ကိုယ္ ယွဥ္လိုက္ရင္ ကိုယ္မနာဖို႔ အရင္စဥ္းစားၾကတာပဲ မဟုတ္ပါလား။ ဒါ့အျပင္ ဦးႏုရဲ႕ ျဗဟၼစိုရ္တရား ၄ ပါး လက္ကိုင္ျပဳႏိုင္ရင္လည္း ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရး တရား ရႏိုင္ေလာက္ပါရဲ႕။
ဦးႏုအေနနဲ႔ ဘာသာေရးကို ႏိုင္ငံေရးမွာ ဆြဲယူသံုးစြဲတာ ကိုေတာ့ က်ေနာ္တို႔အေနနဲ႔ အျပစ္စကား ဆိုၾကရ လိမ့္မယ္။ ဓမၼႏၲရာယ္ စာေစာင္ထုတ္ၿပီး ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ကို ဘာသာေရးနဲ႔ယွဥ္ၿပီး အပုပ္ခ်ပါတယ္။
ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ေတြဟာ ဘုရား မရွိ၊ တရား မရွိတဲ့ သူေတြ ဆိုၿပီးေတာ့ေပါ့။ ေနာက္ ဗုဒၶဘာသာကို ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ဘာသာအျဖစ္ ျပ႒ာန္းသတ္မွတ္ေပးခဲ့တယ္။
ဦးႏုဟာ စာေရးဆရာ တဦးလည္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ “ငါးႏွစ္ရာသီ ဗမာျပည္” ၊ “ငရဲဆိုတာ ခ်ိဳနဲ႔လား”၊ “လူထုေအာင္သံ”၊ “ျပည့္သူ႔နီတိ”၊ “မိတၱဗလဋီကာ (လူေပၚ လူေဇာ္ လုပ္နည္း)”၊ “တာေတစေနသား” စတဲ့ စာအုပ္ေတြ ေရးသားခဲ့တယ္။ ရန္ကုန္ဘေဆြက ကိုႀကီးေကာင္း ျပဇာတ္ ေရးၿပီး သူ႔ကိုအပုပ္ခ်တဲ့ စာအုပ္ေရးခဲ့တယ္။
ဒါေပမယ့္ တည္ၿမဲ ဖဆပလ သတင္းစာေတြက သူတို႔ကို တဖက္ေစာင္းနင္း ေရးလို႔ ဆိုၿပီး တန္ျပန္ ဆႏၵျပခဲ့ ၾကတယ္။ ျပည္သူ႔ဟစ္တိုင္၊ အိုးေဝ သတင္းစာတိုက္ေတြကို ဝင္ေရာက္ဖ်က္ဆီးခဲ့ ၾကတယ္။ ဒီမွာ “မင္းမဲ့ တိုင္းျပည္ကဲ့သို႔ တရား လက္လြတ္ ျပဳျခင္းကို ဘယ္နည္းႏွင့္မွ် လက္ခံႏိုင္မည္ မဟုတ္” ဆိုၿပီး အသံလႊင့္ မိန္႔ခြန္းေျပာၾကား ရယူေလာက္ ေအာင္ အထိပါပဲ (၁၉၄၈ ခု၊ မတ္ ၁၂ရက္)။
ေနာက္ ၁၉၄၈ မတ္ ၁၅ ရက္၊ ေတာင္သူလယ္သမား အစည္းအေဝးမွာ မိန္႔ခြန္းေျပာေတာ့ “ဒီသတင္းစာေတြ သာမက၊ သူတို႔ ဘိုးေအေတြပါ ဝိုင္းၿပီး ပုတ္ခတ္သည့္ တိုင္ေအာင္” ဆိုတဲ့ စကားရပ္ ပါသြားတယ္။
သူတို႔ဘိုးေအ ဆိုတာ သခင္ကိုယ္ေတာ္မိႈင္းကို ရည္ၫႊန္းတာပဲဆိုၿပီး သတင္းစာေတြက ဝိုင္းေဆာ္ လိုက္ၾကတာ ဦးႏုတေယာက္ ေခါင္းငံု႔ ေနရေတာ့တယ္။ အခုေန ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ အၾကည္ညိဳ ပ်က္ေစမႈဆိုတဲ့ ပုဒ္မနဲ႔ တန္းစီတရားစြဲမွာကို ျမင္ေယာင္ မိပါရဲ႕။
၁၉၆၀ ျပည့္ႏွစ္ “ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲအႀကိဳ သိမ္ျဖဴကြင္း မိန္႔ခြန္း” ကေတာ့ ဦးႏုရဲ႕ မိန္႔ခြန္းေတြထဲမွာ စံတင္ရမယ့္ မိန္႔ခြန္းပါပဲ။
တည္ၿမဲမဲေတြကို  သိမ္းက်ံဳးယူသြားႏိုင္တယ္လို႔ ဆိုပါတယ္။ `ဒု သ န ေသာ´ ဆိုတဲ့ စကား ၄ လံုးကို `လ တ မ သ´ (လူတည္ၿမဲ၊ မဲသန္႔ရွင္း) နဲ႔  ယွဥ္ဟပ္  ေျပာဆိုသြားတဲ့  စကားပရိယာယ္ဟာ ၾကားရသူ လက္ဖ်ားခါ ေလာက္ပါေပတယ္။
မိန္႔ခြန္းေတြမွာ ဆိုေတာ့ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ ကိုယ္မွန္ကန္ေၾကာင္း၊ သူတို႔မွားေၾကာင္း ေျပာဆိုၾကတာပါ။
ဒါေပမယ့္ ဦးႏုက စကားပရိယာယ္ ၾကြယ္ေလေတာ့ နားေထာင္တဲ့သူ အဖို႔ တိမ္းၫြတ္မႈ ရွိေစပါတယ္။ အခု သမၼတ ဦးသိန္းစိန္ လည္း လစဥ္ မိန္႔ခြန္းေတြ ေျခြလာလိုက္တာ ၂ ႏွစ္ ေက်ာ္လာၿပီထင္ပါရဲ႕။ က်ေနာ္လည္း ၄ လေလာက္ေတာ့ နားေထာင္ၾကည့္ ပါေသးရဲ႕။ ဒါေပမယ့္ သမၼတေျပာၾကားတဲ့ မိန္႔ခြန္းေတြနဲ႔ က်ေနာ္တို႔ ဘဝေပး အေျခအေနေတြဟာ အဟပ္မညီေလေတာ့ နားေထာင္ဖို႔ စိတ္မဝင္စားေတာ့ပါဘူး။
ဒီမွာ ၂၀ဝ၅ ခုႏွစ္ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲက နီးကပ္လာၿပီ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ မဲဆြယ္ စည္း႐ံုးေရး ကာလက ဘယ္ အတိုင္းအတာထိ ရၾကမယ္ လို႔ေတာ့ မေျပာသာေသးဘူး။ ဒီမွာ မဲဆြယ္ၾကမယ့္ အမတ္ေလာင္းေတြ အဖို႔ “ဦးႏု မိန္႔ခြန္းေပါင္းခ်ဳပ္” ကို လက္စြဲျပဳထားၾကဖို႔ လိုအပ္လိမ့္မယ္ ထင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ဦးႏုတို႔ေခတ္နဲ႔ ယေန႔ေခတ္ မတူကြဲျပားေနၿပီ ဆိုတာေတာ့ သေဘာေပါက္ထားဖို႔ လိုတယ္။ ယေန႔ေခတ္က ေျပာတိုင္းယံုတဲ့ေခတ္ မဟုတ္ေတာ့ဘူးေလ။     ။

An old photo

ဖိႏွိပ္မႈတိုက္ပြဲ-အပိုင္း ၁ -၂

ဖိႏွိပ္မႈတိုက္ပြဲ-အပိုင္း၁

ဖိႏွိပ္မႈတိုက္ပြဲ-အပိုင္း၂

ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း၏ ၿမိတ္ခရီးစဥ္ ၁၉၄၇

 ၿမိတ္ခရိုင္ ဖဆပလရံုးမွ ဗိုလ္ထြန္းစိန္၊ကိုဘီးရွိန္၊ကိုစိုးရင္၊အမ်ိဳးသမီးသမဂၢ ဒုတိယဥကၠဌ မေငြခင္၊ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးး မထားၾကည္၊ စည္ရံုးေရးမွဴး မစိန္ပု(အေပၚပံုမ်ား)။ အမ်ိဳးသမီးသမဂၢ  ဥကၠဌမျမျမ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေသာ ျပည္သူ႕ရဲေမ တပ္ဖြဲ႕။

ယခင္ႏွင့္ ယခု လႊတ္ေတာ္ ျခားနားခ်က္ (ဦးသုေဝ)

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER Part 9.

လူထုေအာင္သံ

လူထုေအာင္သံဆိုသည္မွာ အာဏာကို လက္နက္ျဖင့္ သိမ္းရမယ္ဆုိသည့္ အယူ၀ါဒဆုိးၾကီး

ေခါင္းေထာင္ထဖုိ႔ အခ်ိန္ယူေနသည့္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ လြတ္လပ္ေရးရစအခ်ိန္ ၁၉၅၀ ခုႏွစ္ခန္႔ပတ္၀န္းက်င္က ဦးႏုကိုယ္တုိင္ ေရးသားခဲ့သည့္ ျပဇာတ္႐ွည္ၾကီး ျဖစ္သည္။

 
ထုိအယူ၀ါဒဆုိးၾကီး ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတြင္ တည္ျမဲသည့္အခါ တိုင္းျပည္ ဘယ္လုိေနမလဲဆုိသည္ကို မွန္းၾကည့္ႏုိင္ေအာင္ႏွင့္ လက္နက္ အာဏာ႐ူးသမားမ်ား လက္ေအာက္တြင္ တုိင္းသူျပည္သားမ်ား ဘယ္လုိဘယ္ပုံျဖစ္ၾကကုန္မည္ကို
သိရွိႏုိင္ေစရန္ ေရးသားရျခင္းျဖစ္သည္ဟု မူရင္းစာေရးသူ ၀န္ၾကီးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္း ဦးႏုကဆုိထားသည္။

 မူရင္းျပဇာတ္သည္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရွိ တစ္ခ်ိန္က စာသင္ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ျပ႒ာန္းစာအုပ္အျဖစ္ သင္ၾကားရန္
သတ္မွတ္ျခင္းခံခဲ့ရသလုိ အေမရိကန္ႏုိင္ငံတြင္လည္း ျပဇာတ္အျဖစ္ စင္တင္ကျပျခင္း ခံခဲ့ရသည္အထိ ေအာင္ျမင္ခဲ့သည္။

အေမရိကန္ ကုမၸဏီတစ္ခုကလည္း ႐ုပ္ရွင္အျဖစ္႐ုိက္ကူးခဲ့သည္။

ထိုရုပ္ရွင္ကို ကြယ္လြန္သူ ဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္း၊ စာေရးဆရာ ဦးႏု၏ ၁ဝ၇ ႏွစ္ေျမာက္ ေမြးေန႕ျဖစ္ေသာ

 ေမလ ၂၅ရက္ ၂၀၁၄ တြင္ ”U Nu of Burma group“ ႏွင့္ “ဒီမုိကရက္တစ္ ညီညြတ္ တိုးတက္ေရးအင္အားစု(ဒညတ)” မွ ျပန္လည္ စီစဥ္တင္ျပထားပါသည္္္။

 

အပိုင္း (၁)

အပိုင္း (၂)

အပိုင္း (၃)

အပိုင္း (၄) ဇတ္သိမ္း

U NU AS DRAMATIST

By: Prof: JOSEPH A. WITHEY

On: The People Win Through

Asian Studies, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana;

published in August 1980 in the South East Asian Review, Vol. V, No. 1.

U NU, born on Saturday, May 25, 1907 -- a time corresponding to the full moon of Nayon in the year 1269 of the Burmese calendar -- refers to himself as "Tartay" or "Saturday's Son" in his autobiography. According to Burmese belief, he writes, "a first child born on such a day stirs up woe like fire," and "if the first to arrive is a Saturday-born, the father must carry a sword and cross back and forth over the child seven times to ward off evil." Nu's father, San Tun, did indeed follow this ritual, but, even so, Nu has succeeded in stirring up some tempests in his lifetime as politician, social critic and playwright.

However, The People Win Through and The Wages of Sin, Nu's English language plays and the principal concern of this study, aimed not at unsettling Burmese society but at restoring it to a satisfactory equilibrium. More, they demonstrate a sensitivity to the flow of ideas from the West, ideas associated primarily with democracy and socialism, though the The Wages of Sin one clearly sees the influence of the Eastern ethic of Buddhism. Both plays, in fact, seek to solve political problems of a newly independent country by the application of ideas current in the society at the time of their writing.

In 1927, while a student at Rangoon University, Nu encountered a professor who advised him to read the plays of Bernard Shaw. Particularly fascinated by the wit and social criticism abundantly displayed in Candida and Caesar and Cleopatra he found these plays to be "eyeopeners". Satisfied formerly with writing playlets and verses, he now discovered a social dialectic congenial to his taste, which prompted him to concentrate on play-writing, sometimes at the expense of his studies.

At war's end, when Nu became Prime Minister of the Union of Burma after the assassination of Aung San, his most urgent problem was to effect a political union in fact as well as in name. In pursuit of this goal he launched in 1950-51 a drive "From Peace to Stability," touring the delta and speaking to the people. Among his speeches at this time is one delivered on the occasion of the awarding of the Sa-pay-beik-mun prize for the best Burmese novel. In it he described the writer as contributing to a cultural renaissance of a certain kind, in which he "effectively deals with the problems of human life," to produce an authentic work of art. "Such novels," he went on, "reflect the real condition of one's own society, and they help us to know our own selves, our own strength and our own weakness, and we get an opportunity to ponder over our own problems."

In an Introduction to Nu's play The People Win Through the late U Thant tells how Nu applied his expertise in playwriting to the solution of one of these problems, that of armed insurrection. In June of 1950 several of Nu's associates met with him to discuss the possibility of writing a play which would communicate to the people "the evils of attempting to wrest political power by means of force." At first the group decided U Nya Na should write the play, and that it should be a three act play with acts one and two devoted to events in the past where force produced unfortunate consequences, while the third act would show the Communist use of force equally deplorable. However, when the group met again two months later, they agreed it was more feasible to concentrate on the single theme of act three, and Nu was persuaded to do the writing himself. In September, according to Thant, Nu completed the play, it was approved by the necessary government agencies, and then passed on to the Society for the Extension of Democratic Ideals for publication. Among those who checked the final manuscript were J. S. Furnivall and Peter Murray, while U Khin Zaw undertook the task of translation into English.

Its episodic structure being well-suited to the medium The People Win Through was made into a Burmese film, then staged by the Pasadena Playhouse in the United States in October 1951, and finally published in English in Rangoon in 1952. Taplinger brought out an American edition in 1957 with an Introduction by Edward Hunter replacing Thant's. Testimony from those who viewed the film in Burma at the time suggests a generally favourable reception by Burmese audiences. More specific reaction comes from the Playhouse premiere, where the Pasadena Star News reviewer thought the play "a stimulus to patriot emotions, a challenge to the mind and delight to the eye," expressing the conviction that it "should be seen by every American who can squeeze in the theatre in the next three weeks. It will bring a better understanding of the people of Asia." In his comments on Nu's playwriting the same reviewer refers to the play's "dignity, coherence and suspense" and concludes that The People Win Through "puts over the high aims of proper self-government." In his Introduction for the Rangoon edition U Thant had noted that "writers like T. S. Eliot and Maurice Collis were equally impressed with the narrative of the play." In the context of the times spokesmen for the West praised both the staged and published versions of the English translation.

We have discussed Nu's general goal as a writer; now we can examine his specific intent in writing The People Win Through, and the means he employs. In a Prologue to be spoken before the dramatic action begins Nu writes:

Our Union of Burma is standing at cross-roads. One way leads to the seizing of power by force. The other leads to the willing delegation of power by the people to their representatives elected by fair democratic methods. This evil (taking power by force) is now rearing its ugly head in Burma. If this wickedness…. takes hold of our fair country, it will reduce her to a state of abject misery and subjection to tyranny that would beggar description. So we have staged this play, which I hope, will help you decide which way to choose.

In the final sentence Nu not only expresses his intent but also predicts the form of the play -- argument or debate, followed by fictional evidence clothed as dramatic action. A summary of the dramatic action will clarify Nu's use of the medium to achieve his end.

Presented by U Aung

4/9/2014 4:16:49 PM

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER Part 8.

ဒီမုိကရက္တစ္ ညီညြတ္ တိုးတက္ေရးအင္အားစု

ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၏ ပစၥကၡကာလတြင္ ဦးစားေပး၍ ေဆြးေႏြးလ်က္ရွိေသာ ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အေျခခံ ဥပေဒ ကို ျပင္ဆင္ရန္ သို႕မဟုတ္ ဖ်က္သိမ္းၿပီးအသစ္ျပန္ေရးရန္ အစရွိသည္ျဖင့္ ၀ိ၀ါဒကြဲျပားေနသည့္အေပၚ ဒညတ၏ အျမင္သေဘာထားႏွင့္ သံုးသပ္ခ်က္အား တိုင္းျပည္သို႕ တင္ျပအပ္ပါသည္။

တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကိုင္ တပ္ဖြဲ႕အခ်ဳိ႕ႏွင့္၊ ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီ အခ်ဳိ႕က၊ ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒကို၊ အသစ္ ျပန္ေရး ရမည္ဟု ေဆြးေႏြးေတာင္းဆိုေနၾကသည္။

ျပည္ေထာင္စု ႀကံ့ခိုင္ေရးႏွင့္ ဖြံ႕ၿဖဳိးေရးပါတီ အပါအ၀င္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီ အခ်ဳိ႕က ႏိုင္ငံဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္မႈကို မထိခိုက္ ေစေသာ၊ တိုင္းရင္းသားစည္းလံုးညီညြတ္ေရး၊ အမ်ဳိးသားျပန္လည္သင့္ျမတ္ေရးႏွင့္ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးရရွိဖို႔၊ အဓိကစဥ္းစားၿပီး ျပင္သင့္သည္မ်ားကို ျပင္ဆင္ရန္၊ သေဘာတူသည္။ သို႕ေသာ္ သမၼတအရည္အခ်င္း၊ တပ္မေတာ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ဦးေဆာင္ပါ၀င္ပတ္သက္ခြင့္ႏွင့္ အခန္းက႑၊ ယခင္အစိုးရအဖြဲ႔၏ မူ၀ါဒလမ္းၫႊန္မႈမ်ား၊ ဥပေဒ၊ နည္းဥပေဒမ်ား၊ စည္းမ်ဥ္းမ်ား၊ အမိန္႔ျပန္တမ္းမ်ား၊ ေၾကညာခ်က္မ်ား၊ အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕၀င္ တစ္ ဦးဦး၏ တာ၀န္အရ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခ်က္မ်ား အေပၚ တရားစြဲျခင္း၊ အေရးယူျခင္းမရိွေစရ အစရွိေသာ မျပင္ဆင္လိုသည့္ ျပ႒ာန္းခ်က္အခ်ိဳ႕အား ဆုပ္ကိုင္ ထားၾကသည္ကို သံုးသပ္မိပါသည္။

ယင္းတို႕အနက္ ၂၀၀၈ ခုႏွစ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု၊ အခန္း(၃) ႏိုင္ငံ ေတာ္ သမၼတႏွင့္ ဒုတိယ သမၼတ ရိွ၊ ပုဒ္မ ၅၉ (စ)တြင္ “မိမိ ကုိယ္တိုင္ ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ မိမိ၏ မိဘ တစ္ပါးပါး ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ မိမိ၏ ဇနီး သို႔မဟုတ္ ခင္ပြန္း ေသာ္လည္း ေကာင္း၊ မိမိ၏ တရား၀င္ သားသမီး၊ တစ္ဦးဦး ၏ ဇနီး၊ သို႕မဟုတ္ ခင္ပြန္းေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ႏိုင္ငံျခား အစိုးရ၏ လက္ေအာက္ခံျဖစ္သူ၊ သို႔မဟုတ္ တိုင္းတစ္ပါး၏ ႏိုင္ငံသား ျဖစ္သူမ်ား မျဖစ္ေစရ၊ ထုိသူမ်ားသည္ ႏိုင္ငံျခား အစိုးရ၏ လက္ေအာက္ခံျဖစ္သူေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ တိုင္းတစ္ပါး၏ ႏိုင္ငံသားေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ခံစားရေသာ အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားႏွင့္ ေက်းဇူး ခံစားခြင့္ မ်ားကို၊ ခံစားႏိုင္ ခြင့္ရိွသူမ်ား မျဖစ္ ေစရ” ဟူေသာ သမၼတအရည္အခ်င္းဆိုင္ရာ အခန္းမွာ၊ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏၊ လက္ရွိအေျခအေန တခုႏွင့္၊  အထူးတိုက္ဆိုင္ေနသည္။

ယေန႕အေျခအေနတြင္ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ ျမန္မာျပည္သူျပည္သားမ်ားအျပင္၊ တိုင္တပါးးႏိုင္ငံမ်ားကပါ၊ ႏွစ္သက္ လိုလားေသာ အမ်ိဳးသားဒီမိုကေရစီအဖြဲ ့ခ်ဳပ္ ဥကၠဌ၊ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္၊ သမၼတျဖစ္ေရးအတြက္၊ ပုဒ္မ ၅၉ (စ)အရ တားျမစ္ခ်က္ ျဖစ္ေနရာ၊ ၅၉(စ)၏၊ ေနာက္ကြယ္က ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္သည္၊ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုႀကည္ သမၼတ မျဖစ္ေစရန္၊ တမင္ သက္သက္ ရည္၇ြယ္ထားသည္ ဆိုေသာ၊ စြဲခ်က္ျဖင့္၊ ရႈ့ျမင္ျခင္းမ်ိဳး၊ ရွိလာသည္ကို ေတြ႕ရသည္။

ပုဒ္မ ၅၉ /(စ)ႏွင့္ ယင္းကဲ့သို႕ေသာ၊ အမ်ိဳးသားေရး ႏွင့္ဆိုင္သည့္၊ ကန္႕သတ္ခ်က္ ဥပေဒမ်ိဳးအား၊ ျမန္မာတြင္ သာမက အမ်ိဳးသားလံုၿခံဳေရးအရ၊  ႏိုင္ငံအေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားက၊ သူတို႕၏ ဖဲြ႕စည္း ပံုဥပေဒမွာ၊ ထည့္သြင္းျပ႒ာန္းေလ့ ရွိပါသည္။  ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက်ခါမွ တဦး တေယာက္အတြက္ ရည္ရြယ္ထည့္သြင္းထားသည္ဟု ဒညတက လံုး၀မယူဆပါ။

ဒညတ၏ သေဘာထားကို ပြင့္လင္းစြာေျပာရမည္ဆိုလွ်င္၊ ဒညတ၏ မူလစတင္ဖြဲ႕စည္းသည့္အခ်ိန္ကပင္၊ ထားရွိေသာ သေဘာထားျဖစ္သည့္၊ တိုင္းျပဳျပည္ျပဳ ေရးဆြဲထားေသာ၊ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အေျခခံ ဥပေဒဟူသည္မွာ၊ တဦးတက္ တခုဖ်က္၊ တဖြဲ႕လာတအုပ္္ေရးရန္ လိုအပ္သည္မ်ိဳးမဟုတ္။ ပါလီမန္ နည္းဥပေဒသမ််ားကို သံုးျပီး၊ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အေျခခံ ဥပေဒ၏၊ ပထမစာမ်က္ႏွာ ပထမစာေၾကာင္း၊ ပထမစာလံုးမွသည္ ေနာက္ဆံုးစာမ်က္ႏွာ၊ ေနာက္ဆံုးစာေၾကာင္း၊ ေနာက္ဆံုး စာလံုးထိတိုင္၊ ျပည္သူတို႕ဘ၀ႏွင့္မကိုက္ညီလွ်င္၊ တိုင္းျပည္ကို အက်ိဳးမျပဳလွ်င္၊ ျပည္သူကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳေသာ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ေတာ္ႀကီးမ်ားက ျပင္ဆင္၊ ျဖည့္စြက္၊ ျပဳျပင္၍ ရေကာင္းေသာ ပဋိညာဥ္စာခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

ထိုေၾကာင့္ ယခု ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အေျခခံ ဥပေဒသည္ စစ္မွန္ေသာ ျပည္ေထာင္စု စနစ္ကို အာမမခံႏိုင္ ေသးလွ်င္ ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အေျခခံ ဥပေဒသည္ ဒီမိုကေရစီ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းကို အဟန္႕အတားျဖစ္ေစသည္ဟု ျပည္သူမ်ားက ယံုၾကည္လွ်င္ ျပည္သူကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳေသာ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ေတာ္ႀကီးမ်ားက ထိုဥပေဒမ်ားအစား အမ်ဳိးသား ျပန္လည္ ရင္ၾကားေစ့ေရးႏွင့္ ျပည္တြင္း ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးကို၊ အမွန္တကယ္ တည္ေဆာက္ျခင္း၊ တိုင္းရင္းသားစည္းလံုး ညီၫြတ္မႈ ျပန္လည္တည္ေဆာက္ျခင္းမ်ားအား၊ အေထာက္အကူျပဳႏိုင္သည့္ ဥပေဒမ်ား၊ ဒီမိုကေရစီ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းကို အာမခံ သည့္ အခ်က္မ်ားျဖင့္၊  ျဖည့္စြက္ႏိုင္ ျပင္ဆင္ ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ ရုတ္စြအဆံုး ယခုေရပန္းစားေနေသာ  ပုဒ္မ ၅၉ (စ) ကိုပင္ လုပ္ထံုး လုပ္နည္းႏွင့္အညီ ျပင္မည္ဆိုက ျပင္ႏိုင္ခြင့္ ရွိပါသည္။

ထိုေၾကာင့္ ဆိုခဲ့သည့္အတိုင္း တလံုးစီ တစစီ တပိုင္းစီ  ျပင္ဆင္သီကုံးခြင့္၊ စ လယ္ ဆံုး ရွိပါလ်က္၊ ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံ ဥပေဒအား၊ အသစ္ျပန္ေရးမည္ကို ဒညတအေနႏွင့္ လက္မခံႏိုင္ပါ။

ထို႕ျပင္ ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒကို ဖ်က္သိမ္းသည္ႏွင့္ တျပိဳင္နက္ ထိုဥပေဒအရ၊ ျဖစ္လာေသာ အစိုးရသည္၄င္း၊ လြတ္ေတာ္ မ်ားသည္၄င္း၊ ထိုအစိုးရႏွင့္ လြတ္ေတာ္မ်ားမွေပးလာေသာ၊ ကတိက၀တ္မ်ား၊ မူ၀ါဒမ်ား၊ စီမံကိန္းမ်ား၊ ေကာ္မတီ၊ ေကာ္မရွင္မ်ား အားလံုး၊   ပ်က္ပ်ယ္သြားကာ၊ အခ်ိန္အကန္႕အသတ္ျပဳရန္ မေသျခာေသာ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒအသစ္ မၿပီးစီးမျခင္း၊ မူလက အာဏာကို၊ လြဲေျပာင္းေပးခဲ့သည့္ စစ္တပ္၊ ၀ါ တပ္မေတာ္ အစိုးရသည္၊ အိမ္ေစာင့္ အစိုးရအျဖစ္၊ အလိုအေလ်ာက္ ရွိေနမည္ ျဖစ္သည္။

ထိုထက္ပို၍ အဆိုးဖက္ကၾကည့္လွ်င္ အစိုးရသည္၄င္း၊ လြတ္ေတာ္မ်ားသည္၄င္း၊ ထိုအစိုးရႏွင့္ လြတ္ေတာ္မ်ားမွ ေပးထားေသာ၊ ကတိက၀တ္မ်ား၊ မူ၀ါဒမ်ား၊ စီမံကိန္းမ်ား၊ ေကာ္မတီ၊ ေကာ္မရွင္မ်ား အားလံုး၊   ပ်က္ပ်ယ္သြားၿပီး ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ စစ္တပ္၊ ၀ါ တပ္မေတာ္ အစိုးရ၊ ၀ါ အိမ္ေစာင့္ အစိုးရသည္၊ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒအသစ္ေရးျခင္း အေပၚ တာ၀န္ခံမည္ မခံမည္ အာမခံခ်က္မရွိပါ။

သို႕ျဖစ္ပါ၍ ၂၀၀၈ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ အသစ္ျပန္ေရးမည္ကို ဒညတအေနႏွင့္ လံုး၀လက္မခံႏိုင္ပါ။ ဒီမိုကေရစီ အဓြန္႕ရွည္၊ ခိုင္မာေစေရး၊ လက္စြဲျပဳလ်က္ တိုင္းျပည္လံုျခံဳေရး ႏွင့္ စစ္ဖက္ေရးရာမ်ား ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ ႏွင့္ လူမႈဖူလံုေရး အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးႏွင့္ တရားစီရင္ေရး ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး၀ါဒ ႏွင့္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာဆက္ဆံေရး တိုင္ရင္းသား လူမ်ိဳးစုႏွင့္ ကိုးကြယ္ယံုၾကည္မႈ ဘဏၭာေရးမူ၀ါဒ ေငြေႀကးစနစ္ အဆင့္ျမင့္ နည္းပညာ ပညာေရး က်န္းမာေရး စသည္တို႕အေပၚ လိုအပ္သည့္ျပင္ဆင္မႈမ်ိဳးကို ေထာက္ခံပါသည္။

ယခု ေရပန္းစားေနေသာ  ပုဒ္မ ၅၉ /(စ) ကိုပင္၊ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းႏွင့္အညီ၊ ျပင္မည္ဆိုက ျပင္ႏိုင္ခြင့္ ရွိပါသည္ဟု၊ အထက္တြင္ ဆိုခဲ႕ေသာ္လည္း၊ အမ်ိဳးသားေရး ၀ံသာႏုတရားအတြက္၊ အစဥ္အဆက္ လက္ခံထားရွိရမည္ျဖစ္ေသာ၊ ပုဒ္မ ၅၉ /(စ)ႏွင့္ ယင္းကဲ့သို႕ေသာ၊ အမ်ိဳးသားေရး ႏွင့္ဆိုင္ေသာ ကန္႕သတ္ခ်က္ ဥပေဒမ်ိဳးအား၊ ျပင္ဆင္ျခင္း၊ ျပင္ဆင္ရန္ အႀကံျပဳျခင္းမ်ားအေပၚ၊“ ဒညတ“သည္ ျပင္းထန္စြာ ဆန္႕က်င္ ကန္႕ကြက္ပါေၾကာင္း ေၾကညာအပ္ပါသည္။

ထိုသို႕ ဆန္႕က်င္၊ကန္႕ကြက္္ရျခင္းမွာလည္း၊ အမ်ိဳးသားေရး၊ တိုင္းရင္းသားေရး၊ ၀ံသာႏု မ်ိဳးခ်စ္စိတ္ အရင္းအျမစ္၊ တည္တန္႕ ခိုင္ၿမဲေရးကို၊ အေလးအနက္ထားျခင္းျဖစ္ပီး ပုဂ္ၢိဳလ္ေရးကိုအေျခခံၿပီးဆန္႕က်င္ျခင္းမဟုတ္ပါ။

ယေန႕မ်က္ေမွာက္ကာလ အေျခအေနတြင္ ျမန္မာျပည္သူျပည္သားမ်ားအျပင္ တိုင္တပါးးႏိုင္ငံမ်ားကပါ၊ လိုလားေသာ ထည္ထည္ဝါဝါ အေလးေပး ခံေနရေသာ ပုဂ္ၢိဳလ္ထူးအေနႏွင့္ သန္း၆၀ ေသာ ျပည္သူမ်ား၏ ဆႏၵျဖင့့္ ျပင္ေပး လိုက္သည္ဆိုပါစို႕၊ ျပင္ေပးရအံ့ေသာဥပေဒသည္ကား၊ သာမည္ေညာင္ည၊ ဥပေဒမဟုတ္။ အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာ၏ အျမင့္ဆံုးေသာရာထူးအတြက္ အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာ၏ အျမင့္ဆံုးေသာ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ ျဖစ္ေနသည္။

သားအစဥ္ မ်ိဳးအဆက္ ႏုိင္ငံသားစစ္စစ္၊ တုိင္းရင္း သားစစ္စစ္မ်ား၏ ရပိုင္ခြင့္ႏွင့္ ကျပားမ်ား၏ရပိုင္ခြင့္ကို၊ တန္းတူ ထားမည္ဟု သက္ေရာက္ေသာ ဥပေဒကို  ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံ အေျခခံဥပေဒ ၌သာ ထည့္သြင္း မည္ဆုိပါက အနာဂတ္ တိုင္းျပည္အတြက္ အလြန္အႏၱရယ္ႀကီးေသာ၊ လြဲမွားမႈ တရပ္၊ ျဖစ္မည္မလြဲဟု၊ ရိုးသားစြာ စိုးရိမ္မိပါသည္။

အႏွစ္သာရအေနႏွင့္လည္း အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာ၏ အျမင့္ဆံုးေသာရာထူး တာ၀န္ ယူရမည့္သူ၏ အထက္၊ ေအာက္ မ်ဳိးရိုးဗီဇ မွန္ကန္မႈကို စစ္တမ္းထုတ္ထားေသာ နိုင္ငံေတာ္ လံုၿခဳံေရးရာ ေသာ့ခ်က္တခုျဖစ္သည္။

မိမိႏိူင္ငံေတာ္၏ အခ်ဳပ္ အျခာ အာဏာ၊ အသက္ေသြးေႀကာ ႏွင့္ ကံႀကမၼာကို၊ မိမိ ႏိူင္ငံသားမ်ား လက္ထဲမွာသာ ထားရွိျခင္း ဆိုတဲ့ အခ်က္ ျဖစ္ျပီး တိုင္းတစ္ပါး လႊမ္းမိုးျခင္း အႏၱရယ္ကို တရားဥပေဒျဖင့္ ကာကြယ္ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ ထားျခင္းျဖစ္သည့္အတြက္ ၂၀၁၅ အတြက္တင္မက ေနာင္လာမယ့္ တသက္တာ အနာဂတ္အတြက္လဲ မျပင္သင့္ေသာ ပုဒ္မ တစ္ခု ဟု မွတ္ယူပါသည္။

ဒညတမွ မိဘျပည္သူမ်ား ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီမ်ား အာဏာရအဖြဲ႕ အစည္းႏွင့္ တိုင္းရင္းသား ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား အလုပ္သမားေရးရာ လယ္သမားေရးရာ လူမႈေရးရာ အဖြဲ႕ အစည္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာမွ ျမန္မာ့အေရး စိတ္၀င္စားသူ ျပည္သူမ်ား ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားသို႕ တင္ျပခ်က္။

၂၀၁၄ခု ဇန္နဝါရီလ ၉ ရက္ေန႔က ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ ဟားခါးၿမိဳ႕ လူထုေတြ႕ဆံုပြဲမွာ

“ႏိုင္ငံတစ္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အေျခခံဥပေဒဟာ အမ်ဳိးသမီးတစ္ေယာက္ကို ဦးတည္ၿပီးေတာ့ ေရး ဆြဲထားတယ္ဆိုတာ အင္မတန္မွ မသင့္ေတာ္ပါဘူး၊ အဲဒီလိုေရးဆြဲထားတဲ့ အမ်ဳိးသားေတြအတြက္ အင္မတန္မွ သိကၡာက်ပါတယ္၊ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ဒီဥစၥာကို ျမန္ျမန္ဆန္ဆန္ ေျပာင္းသင့္တယ္လို႔ က်မကေတာ့ ယူဆတယ္၊ ၅၉(စ)ကို မေျပာင္းခဲ့လို႔ရွိရင္ ၂ဝ၁၅ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲနဲ႔ ပတ္သက္လို႔ ဘယ္လိုလုပ္မလဲ ဆိုတဲ့ ေမးခြန္းကိုေတာ့ ဒီပုဒ္မကို ေျပာင္းမလား မေျပာင္းဘူးလားဆိုတာ အေျဖေပၚတဲ့အခါက်မွ က်မတို႔ေျပာပါမယ္၊ ဘာျဖစ္လို႔လဲဆိုေတာ့ အလုပ္တစ္ခုက သိပ္ၿပီးေတာ့ ေစာလြန္းၿပီးေတာ့ လုပ္လို႔မျဖစ္ဘူး၊ မသင့္ေတာ္ပါဘူး၊ သင့္ေတာ္တဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ က်မတို႔ရဲ႕မူဝါဒဟာ ဘာလဲဆုိတာ ဖြင့္ေျပာပါမယ္”ဟု အမ်ိဳးသားဒီမိုကေရစီအဖြဲ ့ခ်ဳပ္ ဥကၠဌ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္က ဆိုပါသည္။

အမ်ိဳးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္ႀကီ၊ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း၏၊ လမ္းညြန္မႈျဖင့္၊ ၁၉၄၇ခုႏွစ္တြင္၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ဖြဲ႕စည္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပံု အေျခခံဥပေဒကို ေရးဆြဲခဲ့စဥ္က၊ “တေန႕ေသာအခါမွာ၊ ငါ့သမီးဟာ ႏိုင္ငံေရးထဲေရာက္မယ္၊ ဒီရာထူးကို လိုျခင္မယ္၊ ဒါေၾကာင့္ သူ႕ကို၊ ပိတ္ပင္မွဘဲ” ေတြးေတာယူဆၿပီး၊ ေရးခဲ့ျခင္း မဟုတ္ပါ။

 

အေျခအေနမွာ ၅၉(စ) ႏွင့္ပါတ္သက္၍ လိပ္ခဲတင္းတင္းျဖစ္ေနသည့္သေဘာရွိရာ ယေန႕တႏိုင္ငံလံုး အတိုင္းအတာျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရမည့္ အမ်ိဳးသားစည္းလံုးညီညြတ္မႈ အရွိန္အဟုန္ျမွင့္တင္ေရး၊ အမ်ိဳးသား အက်ိဳးစီးပြါး တိုးတက္စည္ပင္ေရး၊

စသည့္ အားစိုက္ခြန္စိုက္ လုပ္ရမည့္အင္အားမ်ား၊ ျပန္႕ႀကဲ ရုပ္ေလ်ာ့မည္ကို စိုးရိမ္မိပါသည္။

ထို႕ေၾကာင့္ ကာယကံရွင္ကိုယ္တိုင္၏ စိတ္အားထက္သန္မႈ၊ ျဖစ္ေစျခင္ေသာသူမ်ား၏ ျဖစ္ေစလိုမႈ တို႕ျဖင့္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာမည့္ အက်ိဳးဆက္တို႕ မ်က္၀ါးထင္ထင္ျမင္ႏိုင္ေစျခင္းငွာ ၅၉(စ) ကို ျပင္ျခင္း ဖ်က္ျခင္း မျပဳဘဲ ျပဌာန္း ႏိုင္သည့္  လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းဆိုင္ရာ အကိုးအကားတခုကို တင္ျပလိုပါသည္။

အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စု၏ စစ္ဖက္ဆိုင္ရာ အျမင့္ဆံုးရာထူးမွာ ၾကယ္ေလးပြင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးအဆင့္ ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ သို႕ရာတြင္ အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စုသမိုင္း ၌ ၾကယ္ငါးပြင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး ၉ဦး ရွိခဲ့ဖူးပါသည္။

ဒုတိယ ကမၻာစစ္အတြင္းက မဟာမိတ္တပ္ေပါင္းစုမွဴးအျဖစ္ အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စုမွ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး အိုက္ဆင္ေဟာင္၀ါ “General Eisenhower“ ကို တာ၀န္ေပးရာ၊ သူ႕လက္ေအာက္အရာရွိ ျဖစ္သူ၊  ၿဗိတိသွ်ဖက္မွ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္မွဴးႀကီး ေမာင္ဂိုမာရီ "Field Marshal Montgomery“ ထက္    ရာထူးတဆင့္ႏွိမ့္ေနသည္ကို အေၾကာင္းျပဳကာ မေျခမငံ ဆက္ဆံျခင္းေၾကာင့္၊ စစ္ဆင္ေရး ႀကီးၾကပ္ လုပ္ကိုင္ရာတြင္အဆင္မေျပမႈ မ်ားစြာ ႀကံဳရေလသည္။ ထိုျပႆနာကို ေျဖရွင္းရန္ အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စု လြတ္ေတာ္က ၾကယ္ငါးပြင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး အဆင့္ရာထူးကို အခ်ိန္အခါ၏ လိုအပ္ခ်က္အရ ယခုကာလတခုအတြက္သာ ခန္႕အပ္ေၾကာင္း ၁၉၄၄ခု ဒီဇင္ဘာလတြင္ ဥပေဒျပဳ ျပဌာန္း ေပးခဲ့သျဖင့္ "Field Marshal  Eisenhower“ ျဖစ္လာသည္။ ထိုဥပေဒအရ ၾကည္းတပ္ဆိုင္ရာ ေလတပ္ေရတပ္ဆိုင္ရာ ၾကယ္ငါးပြင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး ၉ဦး ခန္႕အပ္ျခင္း ခံရသည္။ ၁၉၈၁ခုႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလတြင္ ၾကယ္ငါးပြင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးအဆင့္ Omar N. Bradley ကြယ္လြန္ပီးေနာက္ ယခု အေမရိကန္ျပည္ေထာင္စု တပ္မေတာ္တြင္ ၾကယ္ငါးပြင့္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးအဆင့္ မရွိေတာ့ပါ။

ထိုအကိုးအကားအရ  သက္ဆိုင္ရာ အျခားသတ္မွတ္အရည္အျခင္း ျပည့္စံုလွ်င္ ယခုတႀကိမ္တည္းသာ ကန္႕သတ္ၿပီး

၂၀၀၈ ခုႏွစ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းပံု အခန္း(၃) ႏိုင္ငံ ေတာ္ သမၼတႏွင့္ ဒုတိယ သမၼတ ရိွ ရမည့္ သတ္မွတ္ခ်က္ ပုဒ္မ ၅၉ /(စ) ကို အမ်ိဳးသားလြတ္ေတာ္မွ ဤတႀကိမ္၊ ဤပုဂၢိုလ္တဦးအတြက္၊ အထူးျပင္ဆင္ခ်က္၊ ခြင့္ျပဳခ်က္ ခြ်င္းခ်က္ျပဳသည့္ ဥပေဒျပဳကာ ေဆာင္ရြက္လိုက ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္သည့္ အခ်က္ကို တင္ျပအပ္ပါသည္။

ဒီမုိကရက္တစ္ ညီညြတ္ တိုးတက္ေရးအင္အားစု(ဒညတ) ဗဟိုေကာ္မတီ

ေဖေဖၚ၀ါရီလ ၇ရက္ ၂၀၁၄

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER   Part VI.  By U Aung

ခရစ္ႏွစ္ ၁၉၄၈ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္န၀ါရီလာ ၄ရက္၊ ျမန္မာသကၠရာဇ္ ၁၃၀၉ ခုႏွစ္ျပာသုိ လဆုတ္

၉ရက္ တနဂၤေႏြ ေန ့ကား ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံသည္ လုံး၀ လြတ္လပ္ေသာႏုိင္ငံ အျဖစ္သုိ ့ေရာက္ရွိ

ေသာ ေန ့ ျဖစ္သည္။ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံအႏွံ ့အျပားရွိ ျမိဳ ့ရြာမ်ားတြင္ ထုိ ့ေန ကုိ မွတ္တမ္းတင္ေသာ

ေမာ္ကြန္းေက်ာက္စာတုိင္မ်ား စုိက္ထူၾကျပီးလၽွင္ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း ကမၺည္း ထုိးထားၾကသည္။

"ျဂီ သကၠရာဇ္ တစ္ေထာင့္သုံးရာ ကုိးခုႏွစ္၊ျပာသုိလဆုတ္(၉)ရက္ ၊တနဂၤေႏြ ေန ့အား ဤငါတုိ ့

ျမန္မာျပည္ လုံး၀လြတ္လပ္ေသာ အခ်ဳပ္အျခာ အာဏာပုိင္ ျပည္ေထာင္စု ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္ၾကီးအျဖစ္

ေကာင္းစြာေရာက္သတည္း။ "

ဤ ေန ့ကုိ မေမ ့ေလ်ာ့ၾကေစရန္ ႏူိးေဆာ္သည္ အေနျဖင့္ လြတ္လပ္ေရး ေန ့ အထိမ္းအမွတ္ပဲြမ်ား

ဆင္ယင္က်င္းပၾက၏။အထိမ္အမွတ္ပြဲမ်ားတြင္ လြပ္လပ္ေရး ေက်ာက္တုိင္တြင္ စုေ၀းၾက ၍

ျပည္ေထာင္စု တည္ျမဲေရး တုိးတတ္ေရး ကုိ မေမ့ မေလ်ာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္အဓိ႒ာန္ မ်ား

ျပဳလုပ္ေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ေပ်ာ္ပြဲရႊင္ပြဲ ႏွင့္ ျပပြဲ ျပိဳင္ပြဲ မ်ား ကုိ လည္း က်င္းပၾကသည္။

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER  

Part V.  By U Aung

 

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER

HISTORY OF BURMA AS I REMEMBER
Part IV.

By U Aung

 

ႏု-အတၱလီ စာခ်ဳပ္- မွတ္တမ္းရုပ္ရွင္

TREATY BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
AND THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF BURMA

London, 17th October, 1947

The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Provisional Government of Burma;
Considering that it is the intention of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to invite Parliament to pass legislation at an early date providing that Burma shall become an independent State;
Desiring to define their future relations as the Governments of independent States on the terms of complete freedom, equality and independence and to consolidate and perpetuate the cordial friendship and good understanding which subsist between them; and
Desiring also to provide for certain matters arising from the forthcoming change in the relations between them,
Have decided to conclude a treaty for this purpose and have appointed as their plenipotentiaries:-
The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: The Right Hon. Clement Richard Attlee, C.H., M.P., Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury.
The Provisional Government of Burma: The Hon'ble Thakin Nu, Prime Minister
Who have agreed as follows:-

Article 1
The Government of the United Kingdom recognize the Republic of the Union of Burma as a fully Independent Sovereign State.
The contracting Governments agree to the exchange of diplomatic representatives duly accredited.
Article 2
All obligations and responsibilities heretofore devolving on the Government of the United Kingdom which arise from any valid international instrument shall henceforth, in so far as such instrument may be held to have application to Burma, devolve upon the Provisional Government of Burma. The rights and benefits heretofore enjoyed by the Government of the United Kingdom in virtue of the application of any such international instrument to Burma shall henceforth be enjoyed by the Provisional Government of Burma.
Article 3
Any person who at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty is, by virtue of the Constitution of the Union of Burma, a citizen thereof and who is, or by virtue of a subsequent election is deemed to be, also a British subject, may make a declaration of alienage in the manner prescribed by the law of the Union, and thereupon shall cease to be a citizen of the Union.
The Provisional Government of Burma undertake to introduce in the Parliament of the Union as early as possible, and in any case within a period of one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty, legislation for the purpose of implementing the provisions of this Article.
Article 4
The relations of the contracting Governments in the sphere of Defence shall be regulated by the Agreement concluded between them on 29th August, 1947, the provisions of which are set out in the Annex hereto and which shall have force and effect as integral parts of the present Treaty.
Article 5
The Provisional Government of Burma reaffirm their obligation to pay to British subjects domiciled on the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty in any country other than India and Pakistan all pensions, proportionate pensions, gratuities, family pension fund and provident fund payments and contributions, leave salaries and other sums payable to them from the revenues of Burma or other funds under the control of the executive authority of Burma, in virtue of all periods of service prior to that date under the rules applicable immediately prior thereto.
Article 6
The contracting Governments agree that the following provisions shall constitute a final settlement of the financial questions dealt with in this Article:-

1. The Provisional Government of Burma reaffirm their agreement to pay over in full proceeds of the sale of Army [including Civil Affairs Service (Burma)] stores. The Government of the United Kingdom agree to make no claim on the Provisional Government of Burma for repayment of the cost of the Civil Affairs Administration prior to the restoration of civil government.

2. The Government of the United Kingdom agree to cancel 15 million of the sums advanced towards the deficits on the Ordinary Budget and the Frontier Areas Budget. The balance of the sums will be repaid by Burma in twenty equal yearly instalments beginning not later than 1st April, 1952, no interest being chargeable. The cancellation of this amount of Burma's indebtedness is accepted by the Provisional Government of Burma as a further contribution by the Government of the United Kingdom towards the restoration of Burma's financial position and as a final liquidation of their claim in respect of the cost of supplies and services furnished to the British Military Administration in Burma.

3.  The Provisional Government of Burma agree to repay in full the sums advanced by the Government of the United Kingdom towards expenditure on Projects (including Public Utilities, etc.). In accordance with existing agreements, repayment will continue to be made from current receipts in excess of necessary outgoings and working capital and from the proceeds of liquidation, and the balance of advances outstanding will be repaid by the Provisional Government of Burma in twenty equal yearly instalments beginning not later than 1st April, 1952, no interest being chargeable.

4. The Government of the United Kingdom agree to continue to reimburse the Provisional Government of Burma for expenditure in respect of –

(a) claims for supplies and services rendered to the Burma Army in the Burma campaign of 1942; and

(b) release benefits payable on demobilisation to Burma Army personnel for war service.

5. Except in so far as they are specifically modified or superseded by the terms of this Agreement and of the Defence Agreement of 29th August, 1947, the provisions of the Financial Agreement of 30th April, 1947 [Hansard, 22nd May, 1947, Columns 276-7.] between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of Burma remain in force.

Article 7
(a) All contracts other than contracts for personal service made in the exercise of the executive authority of Burma before the coming into force of the Constitution of the Union of Burma to which any person being a British subject domiciled in the United Kingdom or any Company, wherever registered, which is mainly owned, or which is managed and controlled by British subjects so domiciled, was a party, or under which any such person or company was entitled to any right or benefit, shall as from that date, have effect as if made by the Provisional Government of Burma as constituted on and from that date; and all obligations that were binding on the Provisional Government of Burma immediately prior to the said date, and all liabilities, contractual or otherwise, to which that Government was then subject, shall, in so far as any such person or company as aforesaid is interested, devolve on the Provisional Government of Burma as so constituted.
(b) In so far as any property, or any interest in any property vested in any person or authority in Burma before the coming into force of the Constitution of the Union of Burma, or the benefit of any contract entered into by any such person or authority before that date, is thereafter transferred to, or vested in the Provisional or any successor Government of Burma, it shall be so transferred or vested subject to such rights as may previously have been created and still subsist therein, or in respect thereof, in favour of any person or company of the status or character described in the preceding sub-article.
Article 8
The contracting Governments being resolved to conclude at the earliest possible date a mutually satisfactory Treaty of Commerce and Navigation have agreed for a period of two years from the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty or until the conclusion of such a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation to conduct their commercial relations in the spirit of Nos. 1-3 of the Exchange of Notes annexed hereto, provided that, at any time after six months from the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, either party may give three months' notice to terminate the undertaking set out therein.
Article 9
The contracting Governments agree to maintain postal services, including Air Mail services and Money Order services, on the existing basis, subject to any alteration in matters of detail which may be arranged between their respective Postal Administrations as occasion may arise.
Article 10
The Provisional Government of Burma agree to negotiate Treaty arrangements in respect of the care and upkeep of war cemeteries and/or war graves of the British Commonwealth and Empire in Burma with the Governments represented on the Imperial War Graves Commission and, pending negotiation of such arrangements, to recognize the Imperial War Graves Commission as the sole authority responsible for dealing with such war cemeteries and/or war graves and to accord to the Commission the privileges set out in Nos. 4 and 5 of the Exchange of Notes annexed to the present Treaty.
Article 11
The contracting Governments will accord to each other the same treatment in civil aviation matters as heretofore, pending the conclusion of an Agreement in regard to them, provided that this arrangement may be terminated on six months' notice given by either side.
Article 12
The contracting Governments agree to conclude at the earliest possible date an agreement for the avoidance of double taxation.
Article 13
Nothing in the present Treaty is intended to or shall in any way prejudice the rights and obligations which devolve or may devolve upon either of the contracting parties under the Charter of the United Nations or from any special agreements concluded in virtue of Article 43 of the Chapter.
Article 14
Should any difference arise relative to the application or the interpretation of the present Treaty, and should the contracting parties fail to settle such difference by direct negotiations, the difference shall be deferred to the International Court of Justice unless the parties agree to another mode of settlement.
Article 15
The present Treaty shall be ratified and shall come into force immediately upon the exchange of Instruments of Ratification, which shall take place on the day on which Burma becomes independent in accordance with the appropriate legislation to be introduced in the United Kingdom for that purpose.
In witness whereof the above-named plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty and have affixed thereto their Seals. Done in duplicate in London this 17th day of October, 1947.
(Sd.) Clement Richard Attlee.
(Sd.) Thakin Nu.

ANNEX

Britain-Burma Defence Agreement

Signed on 29h August, 1947 , in Rangoon

General
This Defence Agreement between the Government of Burma and the United Kingdom Government has been freely concluded between the two countries and is without prejudice to any Military alliance which may be made in the future between the Government of Burma and the United Kingdom Government. It has been negotiated in relation to the treaty of transfer, the provisions of which in regard to the international obligations of either party, the settlement of disputes and to similar matters will apply in respect of this Agreement subject to the provisions of the treaty.

Evacuation of British Troops
2. Subject to the provisions of this Agreement, the United Kingdom Government will move all United Kingdom troops out of Burma as soon as possible after the date of transfer of power. The margin of time necessary to effect this movement will be a matter for adjustment between the two Governments. The Government of Burma agree to afford all possible help and protection to His Majesty's Forces in the course of this evacuation.

Financial Concessions by the United Kingdom Government

3. The United Kingdom Government agree -
(a) to forego the financial claims made upon the Government of Burma in the letter to the Finance and Revenue Department of 22nd February, 1947, in respect of Defence charges in Burma subsequent to 1st April 1947;
(b) to make no charge in respect of the transfer of initial equipment for the Burma Army up to the scales agreed;
(c) to make no charge in respect of the transfer of initial maintenance reserves for the Burma Army up to the agreed scales;
(d) to transfer to the Government of Burma free of cost fixed assets of the Army and the Royal Air Force remaining in Burma at the date of the transfer of power: provided that the transfers agreed to in clauses (b), (c) and (d) above shall explicitly exclude all Lend/Lease material.

United Kingdom Service Mission
4. In accordance with the wishes of the Government of Burma the United Kingdom Government agree -
(i) to provide a Naval, Military and Air Force Mission to Burma;
(ii) that the Mission will, provided volunteers are available, include instructional and other staff for service with the Burma Forces;
(iii) to provide training facilities in His Majesty's establishment for personnel of the Burma forces. The functions and composition of the Mission and of instructional and other staff, the terms and conditions of service of United Kingdom personnel and particulars of training facilities to be provided will fall to be negotiated separately between the two Governments. As a special arrangement to meet the circumstances giving rise to this Agreement, the United Kingdom Government are prepared to waive the cost of the Mission, excluding instructional and other staff under (ii) above, and the cost of training facilities in His Majesty's establishments for a period of three years from the transfer of power. The cost, other than Home effective and non-effective charges, of instructional and other staff for service with the Burma forces will be borne by the Burma Government.

Naval

5. The United Kingdom Government agree to transfer to the Government of Burma free of cost the Naval vessels set out in the Appendix to this Agreement.

Air Provisions

6. Subject to the provisions of this Agreement the United Kingdom Government agree -
(a) to contribute such portion of the cost of the maintenance of Mingaladon Airfield including the cost of technical personnel as may be agreed between the two Governments;
(b) to provide necessary technical personnel for the maintenance and operation of this airfield at appropriate standards to be agreed between the two Governments for such period, not exceeding one year, as will enable the Government of Burma to assume this responsibility;
(c) to contribute for a period of three years a sum not exceeding 40,000 annually to the maintenance at standards to be agreed between the two Governments of the landing grounds at Akyab and Mergui.

Supply of War Material

7. Having regard to the friendly relations signified by the conclusion of this Agreement, the United Kingdom Government agree to give all reasonable facilities for purchase by the Government of Burma of War Material.

Undertaking of the Government of Burma

8. The Government of Burma agree -
(a) to receive a Naval, Military and Air Force Mission from the United Kingdom Government and not from any Government outside the British Commonwealth;
(b) that, in view of the close association between His Majesty's Navy and the Burma Naval Forces and in accordance with customary peace-time practice with other friendly Powers, ships of either navy shall have the right of entry into the ports of the other party upon notification direct between their respective naval authorities on the spot;
(c) that, in view of the friendly association between the air forces of the two parties, military aircraft of either party shall have the right in accordance with customary peace-time practice upon notification direct between the respective air authorities, to fly over the territories of the other, and to enjoy staging facilities at airfields to be prescribed from time to time by agreement between the two Governments, including those referred to in Article 6;
(d) that His Majesty's forces bringing help and support to Burma by agreement with the Government of Burma or to any part of the Commonwealth by agreement with the Government of Burma and with the Government of that part of the Commonwealth shall be afforded all reasonable assistance including facilities of access and entry into Burma by air, land and sea.

Further Negotiations

9. Nothing in this Agreement shall preclude either party from opening fresh negotiations with the other on any matter within the defence sphere, but such negotiations shall not, except by agreement, affect the obligations of either party under this Agreement.
Duration
10. The provisions of this Agreement shall remain in operation in the first instance for three years from the transfer of power and thereafter subject to twelve months' notice on either side.
Bo Let Ya, John W. Freeman, 29th August, 1947. 29th August, 1947.

APPENDIX

(Article 5)

Vessels now on loan which His Majesty's Government agree to transfer free of cost to the Government of Burma:- One Ocean-going Vessel (His Majesty's Government require the frigate F.A.L. now on loan but will consider the offer of a corvette in substitution). Thirteen Harbour Defence Motor Launches. Three 90-ft. Motor Fishing Vessels. o 61+-ft. Motor Fishing Vessels. One 45-ft. Motor Fishing Vessel. Five Harbour Launches, Petrol. Six Fast Motor Boats. Four Cargo Lighters (viz., two R.C.L., two "Z" craft). Two Motor Minesweepers.

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Demi-official letter from the Hon'ble Bo Let Ya, Counsellor for Defence, Government of Burma, to J. Freeman, Esq., M.B.E., M.P., Chairman, British Defence Mission to Burma, dated Rangoon, the 29th August, 1947.
In connexion with Articles 4 (i) and 8 (a) of our Agreement about the provision of a British Naval, Military and Air Force Mission for Burma, I would like, if you agree, to place on record our expectation that as Burma has agreed to receive no Mission from outside the Commonwealth the United Kingdom Government will do their best to provide qualified advisers and other staff for the Mission in sufficient numbers, but that if this should prove impossible through lack of volunteers or other causes, it may become necessary for the two Governments to take advantage of Article 9 to terminate the provisions relating to the Mission.

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Demi-official letter from J. Freeman, Esq., M.B.E., M.P., Chairman, British Defence Mission to Burma, to the Hon'ble Bo Let Ya, Counsellor for Defence, Government of Burma, - No. B.D.M.-6, dated Rangoon, the 29th August, 1947.
Thank you for your letter of 29th August. It is, of course, the intention of the United Kingdom Government, in concluding the Defence Agreement under reference, that it shall be made to work effectively. In the event of the United Kingdom Government being unable to provide a mission capable of carrying out its task effectively, I agree with you that a new situation would arise and both parties could properly re-examine the matter in the light of Clause 9.

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Demi-official letter from J. Freeman, Esq., M.B.E., M.P., Chairman, British Defence Mission to Burma, to the Hon'ble Bo Let Ya, Counsellor for Defence, Government of Burma, dated Rangoon, the 29th August, 1947.
I think it somewhat below the dignity of our two Governments to include in a formal agreement between them the latter part of Article 5 relating to naval vessels in the latest draft of our Defence Agreement. On the other hand, the point relating to the use and disposal of the vessels is of some importance, and I suggest that instead of writing it into the agreement you should let me have an acknowledgment of this present letter, and in it place on record the fact that your Government has agreed that the naval vessels referred to in the Appendix to Clause 5 of the Defence Agreement shall only be employed for Government purposes and shall not be sold for commercial or other uses.

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Demi-official letter from the Hon'ble Bo Let Ya, Counsellor for Defence, Government of Burma, to J. Freeman, Esq., M.B.E., M.P., Chairman, British Defence Mission to Burma, dated Rangoon, the 29th August, 1947.
I acknowledge with thanks your note of today's date. The Government of Burma have agreed that the naval vessels referred to in the Appendix to Clause 5 of the Defence Agreement shall only be employed for Government purposes and shall not be sold for commercial or other uses.

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EXCHANGE OF NOTES

From the Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee, C.H., M.P., Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, to the Hon'ble Thakin Nu, Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Burma, dated London, the 17th October, 1947.
With a view to the most friendly commercial relations with the new independent State of Burma, the Government of the United Kingdom are desirous to conclude a Commercial Treaty with the least possible delay, but realize that the complex nature of such a Treaty makes it impossible to hope to complete negotiations before the coming into force of the Constitution of the Union of Burma. At the same time the Government of the United Kingdom are sure that the Provisional Government of Burma share their view that the commercial relations of the two countries should not be left entirely unregulated in the meantime and that suitable transitional arrangements cannot but help the conclusion of a mutually satisfactory Treaty at as early a date as possible.
 2. I have therefore to express the hope that the Provisional Government of Burma will not during this interim period take action which would prejudicially affect existing United Kingdom interests in Burma in the legitimate conduct of the businesses or professions in which they are now engaged, and that if the Provisional Government of Burma, in the formulation of national policy, are convinced that such action must be taken in any particular case they will consult with the Government of the United Kingdom in advance with a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory settlement. For their part the Government of the United Kingdom will be glad to observe the same principles in regard to the treatment of Burma interests in the United Kingdom.
 3. If the Provisional Government of Burma agree with the foregoing proposals, I suggest that this letter and your reply should constitute an understanding between our two Governments to that effect.

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From the Hon'ble Thakin Nu, Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Burma, to the Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee, C.H., M.P., Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, dated London, the 17th October, 1947.
I have the honour on behalf of the Provisional Government of Burma, to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date. The Provisional Government of Burma share the view of the Government of the United Kingdom that the commercial relations of the two countries should not be left entirely unregulated during the period which will elapse between the coming into force of the constitution of the Union of Burma and the conclusion of a mutually satisfactory Treaty of Commerce and Navigation. The Provisional Government of Burma therefore agree, subject to paragraph 2 below, that they will not take action which would prejudicially affect existing United Kingdom interests in Burma in the legitimate conduct of the businesses or professions in which they are now engaged. The Provisional Government of Burma also agree that if convinced of the necessity of such action in any particular case they will consult with the Government of the United Kingdom in advance with a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory settlement, although there may be occasional cases of emergency in which full prior consultation is impracticable and only short notice can be give to the United Kingdom Ambassador. The Provisional Government of Burma note with satisfaction that the Government of the United Kingdom will observe the same principles in regard to the treatment of Burma interests in the United Kingdom.
2. I have however to explain that the undertaking given in the preceding paragraph must be read as subject to the provisions of the Constitution of the Union of Burma as now adopted, and in particular to the policy of State socialism therein contained to which my Government is committed. If however the implementation of the provisions of Articles 23 (4) and (5), 30, 218, or 219 of the Constitution should involve the expropriation or acquisition in whole or in part of existing United Kingdom interests in Burma, the Provisional Government of Burma will provide equitable compensation to the parties affected. 3. Finally I suggest that, in so far as questions arise which, in the opinion of either Government, do not appropriately fall within the scope of the preceding paragraphs of this letter, these should be discussed by representatives of our two Governments, and decided in accordance with the generally accepted principles of international law and with modern international practice.

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From the Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee, C.H., M.P., Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, to the Hon'ble Thakin Nu, Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Burma, dated London, the 17th October, 1947.
I have the honour, on behalf of the Government of the United Kingdom, to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date. The Government of the United Kingdom welcome both the Provisional Government of Burma's acceptance of the suggestion contained in my previous letter and their assurance of equitable compensation to United Kingdom interests in the circumstances set out in paragraph 2 of your letter. The Government of the United Kingdom readily accept the suggestion contained in paragraph 3 of your letter.

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From the Hon'ble Thakin Nu, Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Burma, to the Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee, C.H., M.P., Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, dated London, the 17th October, 1947.
In connexion with Article 10 of the Treaty signed by us to-day, I have the honour to inform you that, pending the conclusion of a formal Agreement with the Governments represented on the Commission, the Provisional Government of Burma agree to permit the Imperial War Graves Commission –
(1) to lay out, construct and maintain the war cemeteries and/or war graves in accordance with their usual practice;
(2) to enjoy the use, free of cost, of the sites of such war cemeteries and/or war graves for so long as they are used solely as cemeteries and/or graves;
(3) to appoint and maintain staff to carry out their work and occupy the accommodation required for the purpose of their operations;
(4) to import free of duty such materials and implements as may be required for the carrying out of their work.

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From the Rt. Hon. C.R. Attlee, C.H., M.P., Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, to the Hon'ble Thakin Nu, Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Burma, dated London, the 17th October, 1947.
I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of today's date regarding the treatment which the Provisional Government of Burma propose to accord to the Imperial War Graves Commission pending the conclusion of a formal Agreement on the subject, and to state that the arrangement therein recorded have been noted with satisfaction by the Government of the United Kingdom.

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PROTOCOL OF SIGNATURE

On the signature this day of the Treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Provisional Government of Burma the undersigned plenipotentiaries declare as follows:-
Having regard to the close administrative relations which have hitherto existed between them, and the fact that it may not in every appropriate case have proved possible by the appointed date to complete such alternative arrangements as may be needed, the Government of the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of Burma affirm their intention to co-operate to ensure that, pending the completion of such arrangements, the minimum of administrative inconvenience and disturbance shall be caused to one another.

(Sd.) Clement Richard Attlee.
(Sd.) Thakin Nu.

17th October, 1947.

BURMA INDEPENDENCE  (A.D. 1947)

A BILL TO

Provide for the independence of Burma as a country not within His Majesty's dominions and not entitled to His Majesty's protection, and for consequential and onnected matters
Be it enacted by the King's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-

Independence of Burma


1. - (1) On the appointed day, Burma shall become an independent country, neither forming part of His Majesty's dominions nor entitled to His Majesty's protection.
(2) In this Act, the expression "the appointed day" means the fourth day of January, nineteen hundred and forty-eight.
(3) The suzerainty of His Majesty over the part of Burma known as the Karenni States shall lapse as from the appointed day, and with it all treaties and agreements in force between His Majesty and the rulers of the Karenni States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty with respect to the Karenni States, all obligations of His Majesty towards the Karenni States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty in or in relation to the Karenni States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise.

Certain persons to cease to be British Subjects

2. - (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the persons specified in the First Schedule to this Act, being British subjects immediately before the appointed day, shall on that day cease to be British subjects: Provided that a woman who immediately before the appointed day is the wife of a British subject shall not cease by virtue of this sub-section to be a British subject unless her husband ceases by virtue of this sub-section to be a British subject.
(2) A person who by virtue of sub-section (1) of this section ceases to be a British subject on the appointed day and is immediately before that day domiciled or ordinarily resident in either -
(a) any part of the United Kingdom;
(b) any of the Channel Islands;
(c) the Isle of Man;
(d) Newfoundland;
(e) any colony;
(f) any territory in respect of which a mandate from the League of Nations was accepted by His Majesty, being a territory under the sole administration of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom;
(g) any territory administered under the trusteeship system of the United Nations, being a territory under the sole administration of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom;
(h) any British protectorate;
(i) any British protected state outside Burma; or
(j) any other place outside Burma in which, by treaty, capitulation, grant, usage, sufferance or other lawful means, His Majesty has jurisdiction over British subjects.
may, by a declaration made before the expiration of the two years beginning with the appointed day to such person and in such manner as may be prescribed, elect to remain a British subject, and if he so elects, the provisions of sub-section (1) of this section (including the proviso thereto) shall be deemed never to have applied to or in relation to him or, except so far as the declaration otherwise provides, any child of his who is under the age of eighteen years at the date of the declaration:
Provided that a declaration under this sub-section shall be of no effect unless it is registered in the prescribed manner in pursuance of an application made within, or within the prescribed period after the expiration of, the said two years.
In this sub-section, the expression "prescribed" means prescribed by regulations of the Secretary of State or of such Government, authority or person as may be authorized in that behalf by the Secretary of State, and different provision may be made under this sub-section for different classes of cases.
(3) A person who by virtue of sub-section (1) of this section ceases to be a British subject on the appointed day, not being such a person as is mentioned in sub-section (2) of this section, shall, if on that day he neither becomes, nor becomes qualified to become, a citizen of the independent country of Burma for which provision is made by section one of this Act, have the like right of election as is provided for by sub-section (2) of this section, and the said sub-section (2) shall have effect accordingly.
(4) If provision is made by the law of any part of His Majesty's dominions not mentioned in sub-section (2) of this section for the exercise by any persons, being persons domiciled or ordinarily resident in that part of His Majesty's dominions or in any territory administered by the Government thereof, of a right to elect not to cease to be British subjects on the appointed day by reason of Burma becoming an independent country on that day, then, so far as is necessary to give effect under the law of the United Kingdom to the results flowing under the law of that part of His Majesty's dominions from the exercise of the right of election, the provisions of sub-section (1) of this section shall be deemed never to have applied to or in relation to, or to or in relation to the children of, the persons who duly exercise that right.
(5) Save as provided in this section, no person who is a British subject immediately before the appointed day shall cease to be a British subject by reason of Burma ceasing on that day to be part of His Majesty's dominions.
(6) The exercise by a person of any such right of election as is referred to in sub-section (2), sub-section (3) and sub-section (4) of this section shall not render unlawful anything done before the date of the election which would have been lawful if the election had not been made.

Temporary continuation of customs preferences

3. - (1) Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this Act, the enactments relating to customs (including the enactments relating to customs in the Isle of Man) shall, on and after the appointed day, have effect, until such date as may be specified by His Majesty by Order in Council, as if Burma were part of His Majesty's dominions:
Provided that His Majesty may by Order in Council direct that as from a specified date all goods or goods of specified classes or descriptions shall be charged under said enactments either as if preceding provisions of this section had not passed or at such rates as may be specified in Order not being rates higher than would have been chargeable if said provision had not passed.
(2) Any Order in Council made under this sub-section may be revoked or varied by a subsequent Order in Council made thereunder.
(3) Any Order in Council made under this section shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament after it is made and if, within a period of forty days beginning with the day on which any such Order is so laid before it, either House of Parliament presents an Address to His Majesty praying that the Order may be revoked, His Majesty may revoke the Order accordingly, but without prejudice to the making of a new Order.
(4) In reckoning the said period of forty days, no account shall be taken of any time during which Parliament is dissolved or prorogued, or during which both Houses are adjourned for more than four days.
(5) Section one of the Rules Publication Act, 1893 (which requires notice to be given of a proposal to make statutory rules) shall not apply to any Order in Council made under this section.
     
Legal proceedings

4. - (1) Any appeal to His Majesty in Council from any court in Burma which is pending on the appointed day shall abate on that day.
(2) No proceedings shall be brought in any court on or after the appointed day against the Secretary of State in any such case as is mentioned in section one hundred and thirty-three of the Government of Burma Act, 1935, and any proceedings brought by or against the Secretary of State by virtue of that section which are pending immediately before the appointed day shall abate on that day so far as the Secretary of State is concerned.
(3) Nothing in this Act shall affect the jurisdiction of the High Court in England or the Court of Session in Scotland under the Indian and Colonial Divorce Jurisdiction Acts, 1926 and 1940, as respects decrees or orders made in Burma which, before the appointed day, have been registered in those Courts respectively under those Acts: Provided that -
(a) notwithstanding anything in those Acts, the said Courts may entertain applications for the modification or discharge of orders notwithstanding that the person on whose petition the decree for dissolution was pronounced is resident in Burma; and
(b) no regard shall be had to any order made in Burma on or after the appointed day modifying or discharging any decree or order made before the appointed day.

Short Title, interpretation, repeals and construction of existing Orders in Council and other instruments

5. - (1) This Act may be cited as the Burma Independence Act, 1947.
(2) Any reference in this Act to any other enactment shall be construed as a reference to that enactment as amended by any subsequent Act or by an order or other instrument made under any subsequent Act, including, without prejudice to the generality of the preceding words, the Government of India (Adaptation of Acts of Parliament) Order, 1937 and any subsequent Orders in Council made under sub-section (5) of section three hundred and eleven of the Government of India Act, 1935.
(3) The enactments specified in the Second Schedule [Not reproduced.] to this Act are hereby repealed as from the appointed day to the extent specified in that Schedule; Provided that if, by the law of Burma, any such enactment is continued on or after the appointed day as part of the law of Burma, nothing in this repeal shall be taken to prevent the recognition outside Burma of that enactment as part of the law of Burma.
(4) It is hereby declared that references (however worded) to Burma or British Burma in Orders in Council and other instruments made before the passing of this Act under any enactments not repealed by this Act do not include references to, or to any part of, the independent country of Burma for which provision is made by section one of this Act, but nothing in this sub-section shall be construed as affecting any power to make a new Order in Council or other instrument under any such enactment in relation to the said independent country. schedules First Schedule (Section 2)


Persons who cease to be British Subjects

1. The persons who, being British subjects immediately before the appointed day, are, subject to the provisions of section two of this Act, to cease on that day to be British subjects are the following persons, that is to say -
(a) persons who were born in Burma or whose father or paternal grandfather was born in Burma, not being persons excepted by paragraph 2 of this Schedule from the operations of this sub-paragraph; and
(b) women who were aliens at birth and became British subjects by reason only of their marriage to any such person as is specified in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph.

2.  (1) A person shall be deemed to be excepted from the operation of sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 1 of this Schedule if he or his father or his paternal grandfather was born outside Burma in a place which, at the time of the birth, -
(a) was within His Majesty's dominions, was a British protectorate, was a British protected state, was a territory in respect of which a mandate from the League of Nations had been accepted by His Majesty and which was under the administration of the Government of any part of His Majesty's dominions or was a territory under the trusteeship system of the United Nations which was under the administration of the Government of any part of His Majesty's dominions; or
(b) was a place where, by treaty, capitulation, grant, usage, sufferance or other lawful means, His Majesty had jurisdiction over British subjects: Provided that a person shall not be excepted under this sub-paragraph from the operation of the said sub-paragraph (a) by virtue of the place of birth of his father or paternal grandfather unless his father or, as the case may be, his paternal grandfather, was at some time before the appointed day a British subject.
(2) A person shall also be deemed to be excepted from the operation of the said sub-paragraph (a) if he or his father or his paternal grandfather became a British subject by naturalization or by annexation of any territory which is outside Burma.
(3) Where, in pursuance of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1914, the name of a child has been included in a certificate of naturalization granted to his parent, or where, in pursuance of any Act repealed by that Act, any child has been deemed to be a naturalized British subject by reason of residence with his parent, that child shall, for the purposes of this paragraph, be deemed to have become a British subject by naturalization.
3. For the purposes of this Schedule, a person born in a ship, other than an unregistered ship, shall be deemed to have been born in the country in which the ship was registered.
4. In this Schedule the expression "Burma" means the territories which, immediately before the appointed day, were included in Burma.